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{{Infobox Monarch | name=Magnus Eriksson| title= By the grace of God, king of Sweden, Norway and Scania| image=| reign= 8 July
1319 – February
1364 (in Sweden)
August 1319 – 1343 (in Norway)] 1336, Stockholm, married [1335| father= [Erik, Duke of Södermanland (c. 1282-1318)| mother=
Ingeborg of Norway (1301-1361)| issue=
Erik XII of Sweden (1339-1359)
Haakon VI of Norway (1340-1380)]| place of birth=
Norwayfjord, [Norway (shipwreck)] (1316 – December 1,
1374), Norway, and
Terra Scania, and was son of Duke Erik Magnusson of Sweden and Ingeborg, daughter of
Haakon V of Norway. Also known by his nickname "Magnus Smek" (Eng. "Pet-Magnus").
Magnus was elected king of Sweden on 8 July
1319, and acclaimed as
Hereditary Kingdom of Norway at the thing (assembly) of
Haugathing in Tønsberg in August the same year. Under the Regencies of his Grandmother Queen Helvig and his Mother Duchess
Ingeborg of Norway the countries were ruled by
Knut Jonsson and
Erling Vidkunsson.
Magnus was declared to have come of age at 15 in
1331. This caused resistance in Norway, where a statute from
1302 made clear that kings came of age at the age of 20, and a rising by Erling Vidkunsson and other Norwegian nobles ensued. In
1333, the rebels submitted to king Magnus.
In 1332 the king of Denmark,
Christopher II of Denmark, died as a "king without a country" after he and his older brother and predecessor had pawned Denmark piece by piece. King Magnus took advantage of his neighbour's distress, redeeming the pawn for the eastern Danish provinces for a huge amount of silver, and thus became ruler also of
Terra Scania.
On 21 July 1336 Magnus was crowned king of both Norway and Sweden in Stockholm. This caused further resentment in Norway, where the nobles and magnates wished a separate Norwegian coronation. A second rising by members of the high nobility of Norway ensued in 1338.
In spite of his many formal expansions his rule was considered a period of decrease both to the Swedish royal power and to Sweden as a whole. Foreign nations like Denmark (after its recovery in 1340) and
Mecklenburg intervened and Magnus himself does not seem to have been able to resist the internal opposition. He was regarded a weak king and criticised because an alleged favourite rule.
In 1336 he married Blanche of Namur, daughter of Count Jean of
Namur (province) and Marie of Artois, a descendant of Louis VIII of France.
Opposition to Magnus' rule in Norway led to a settlement between the king and the Norwegian nobility at
Varberg on
15 August 1343. In violation of the Norwegian laws on royal inheritance, Magnus' younger son
Haakon VI of Norway would become king of Norway, with Magnus as regent during his minority. Later the same year, it was declared that Magnus' older son, Eric XII of Sweden would become king of Sweden on Magnus' death. Thus, the union between Norway and Sweden would be severed. This occurred when Håkon came of age in
1355.
Magnus' young favorite courtier and lover was
Benedict, Duke of Halland, whom he elevated to Duke of Finland and
Halland, as well as Viceroy of Skane.
Because of the raise in taxation to pay for the acquisition of the Scanian province, some Swedish nobles supported by the Church attempted to oust Magnus, setting up his elder son Eric as king (
Eric XII of Sweden), but Eric died supposedly of the
Bubonic plague in 1359, with his wife Beatrice of Brandenburg and their two sons.
King
Valdemar IV of Denmark conquered Terra Scania in 1360. He went on to conquer
Gotland in 1361. On the 27th of July, 1361, outside the city of Visby, the main city of Gotland, the final battle took place. It ended in a complete victory for Valdemar. Magnus had warned the inhabitants of Visby in a letter and started to gather troops to reconquer Scania. Valdemar went home to Denmark again in August and took a lot of plunder with him. Either in late 1361 or early 1362 the inhabitants of Visby raised themself against the few Danish that Valdemar left behind and killed them. In
1363 a rebellion against Magnus broke out. It was supported by Valdemar and resulted a few months later (February 1364) in that Magnus was deposed from the Swedish throne being replaced by the Duke of Mecklenburg's son Albert of Sweden. Magnus was seeking refuge with his younger son in Norway, where he drowned in 1374.
According to an alledgedly autobiographic account known as the "Rukopisanie Magnusha" (Magnus's Testament) which has been inserted into the Russian
Sofia First Chronicle composed in
Novgorod (against whom Magnus had crusaded in the 1340s and 50s), Magnus in fact, did not drown at sea, but saw the errors of his ways and converted to Orthodoxy, becoming a monk in a Novgorodian monastery in Karelia. The account is apocryphal.
Sofiiskaia Pervaia Letopis' in
Polnoe Sobranie Russkikh Letopisei, vol. 5 (St. Petersburg: Eduard Prats, 1851). It is available online at http://lib.pushkinskijdom.ru/Default.aspx?tabid=4975
References
See also
{{s-ttl|title=List of Swedish monarchs|regent1=
Eric XII of Sweden &|regent2=Haakon VI of Norway|years=1320–1364-->
{{Infobox Monarch | name=Magnus Eriksson| title= By the grace of God, king of Sweden, Norway and Scania| image=| reign=
8 July 1319 – February 1364 (in Sweden)
August
1319 – 1343 (in Norway)] 1336, Stockholm, married [1335| father= [Erik, Duke of Södermanland (c. 1282-1318)| mother= Ingeborg of Norway (1301-1361)| issue= Erik XII of Sweden (1339-1359)
Haakon VI of Norway (1340-1380)]| place of birth= Norwayfjord, [Norway (shipwreck)] (1316 –
December 1, 1374), Norway, and
Terra Scania, and was son of Duke
Erik Magnusson of Sweden and Ingeborg, daughter of
Haakon V of Norway. Also known by his nickname "Magnus Smek" (Eng. "Pet-Magnus").
Magnus was elected king of Sweden on
8 July 1319, and acclaimed as Hereditary Kingdom of Norway at the
thing (assembly) of
Haugathing in Tønsberg in August the same year. Under the Regencies of his Grandmother Queen Helvig and his Mother Duchess Ingeborg of Norway the countries were ruled by
Knut Jonsson and
Erling Vidkunsson.
Magnus was declared to have come of age at 15 in
1331. This caused resistance in Norway, where a statute from
1302 made clear that kings came of age at the age of 20, and a rising by Erling Vidkunsson and other Norwegian nobles ensued. In
1333, the rebels submitted to king Magnus.
In 1332 the king of Denmark, Christopher II of Denmark, died as a "king without a country" after he and his older brother and predecessor had pawned Denmark piece by piece. King Magnus took advantage of his neighbour's distress, redeeming the pawn for the eastern Danish provinces for a huge amount of silver, and thus became ruler also of
Terra Scania.
On 21 July 1336 Magnus was crowned king of both Norway and Sweden in
Stockholm. This caused further resentment in Norway, where the nobles and magnates wished a separate Norwegian coronation. A second rising by members of the high nobility of Norway ensued in 1338.
In spite of his many formal expansions his rule was considered a period of decrease both to the Swedish royal power and to Sweden as a whole. Foreign nations like Denmark (after its recovery in 1340) and
Mecklenburg intervened and Magnus himself does not seem to have been able to resist the internal opposition. He was regarded a weak king and criticised because an alleged favourite rule.
In
1336 he married
Blanche of Namur, daughter of Count Jean of
Namur (province) and Marie of Artois, a descendant of Louis VIII of France.
Opposition to Magnus' rule in Norway led to a settlement between the king and the Norwegian nobility at Varberg on 15 August 1343. In violation of the Norwegian laws on royal inheritance, Magnus' younger son Haakon VI of Norway would become king of Norway, with Magnus as
regent during his minority. Later the same year, it was declared that Magnus' older son,
Eric XII of Sweden would become king of Sweden on Magnus' death. Thus, the union between Norway and Sweden would be severed. This occurred when Håkon came of age in
1355.
Magnus' young favorite courtier and lover was Benedict, Duke of Halland, whom he elevated to
Duke of Finland and
Halland, as well as Viceroy of
Skane.
Because of the raise in taxation to pay for the acquisition of the Scanian province, some Swedish nobles supported by the Church attempted to oust Magnus, setting up his elder son Eric as king (Eric XII of Sweden), but Eric died supposedly of the Bubonic plague in
1359, with his wife Beatrice of Brandenburg and their two sons.
King
Valdemar IV of Denmark conquered Terra Scania in 1360. He went on to conquer Gotland in 1361. On the 27th of July, 1361, outside the city of Visby, the main city of Gotland, the final battle took place. It ended in a complete victory for Valdemar. Magnus had warned the inhabitants of Visby in a letter and started to gather troops to reconquer Scania. Valdemar went home to Denmark again in August and took a lot of plunder with him. Either in late 1361 or early 1362 the inhabitants of Visby raised themself against the few Danish that Valdemar left behind and killed them. In
1363 a rebellion against Magnus broke out. It was supported by Valdemar and resulted a few months later (February 1364) in that Magnus was deposed from the Swedish throne being replaced by the Duke of Mecklenburg's son Albert of Sweden. Magnus was seeking refuge with his younger son in Norway, where he drowned in 1374.
According to an alledgedly autobiographic account known as the "Rukopisanie Magnusha" (Magnus's Testament) which has been inserted into the Russian
Sofia First Chronicle composed in
Novgorod (against whom Magnus had crusaded in the 1340s and 50s), Magnus in fact, did not drown at sea, but saw the errors of his ways and converted to Orthodoxy, becoming a monk in a Novgorodian monastery in Karelia. The account is apocryphal.
Sofiiskaia Pervaia Letopis' in
Polnoe Sobranie Russkikh Letopisei, vol. 5 (St. Petersburg: Eduard Prats, 1851). It is available online at http://lib.pushkinskijdom.ru/Default.aspx?tabid=4975
References
See also
{{s-ttl|title=List of Swedish monarchs|regent1=Eric XII of Sweden &|regent2=Haakon VI of Norway|years=1320–1364-->
